Recent progress in the discovery of adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonists for the treatment of Parkinson's disease

The occurrence of serious adverse effects following the use of conventional treatments for advanced Parkinson’s disease, including motor fluctuations, continues to drive the development of non-dopimnergic therapeutic options. Antagonists of the adenosine A2A receptor have emerged as one possible option. Several pharmaceutical and academic institutions have ongoing research programs, and orally active formulations of A2A receptor antagonists have been advanced into clinical development. In this review, the authors provide a detailed examination of the developemtn of both xanthine and non-xanthine derivatives and their current clinical status for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.